ʻO ka ikehu, ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai no ka holomua o ka nohona kanaka, ua hoʻokani mau i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi. He hōʻoia pono ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu kanaka. Me ka wai, ka ea, a me ka meaʻai, hana ia i nā kūlana e pono ai no ke ola kanaka a pili pono i ke ola kanaka.

Ua loli nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana ikehu mai ka "au" o ka wahie a i ka "au" o ka lanahu, a laila mai ka "au" o ka lanahu a i ka "au" o ka ʻaila. I kēia manawa ua hoʻomaka ia e loli mai ka "au" o ka ʻaila a i ka "au" o ka loli ikehu hou.

Mai ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he kumu nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19 a i ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he kumu nui i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻohana nā kānaka i ka ikehu fossil ma kahi pae nui no nā makahiki he 200 a ʻoi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ikehu honua i noho aliʻi ʻia e ka ikehu fossil ʻaʻole ia e mamao loa mai ka pau ʻana o ka ikehu fossil.

ʻO nā mea lawe waiwai ikehu mōʻalihaku kuʻuna ʻekolu i hōʻike ʻia e ka lanahu, ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea kūlohelohe e hoʻopau koke ʻia i ke kenekulia hou, a i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ke puhi ʻana, e hana pū ia i ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hoʻoulu i ka nui o nā mea haumia, a e hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni.

No laila, he mea nui e hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka ikehu mōʻalihaku, e hoʻololi i ke ʻano hoʻohana ikehu kūpono ʻole o kēia manawa, a e ʻimi i ka ikehu hou hou i maʻemaʻe a ʻaʻohe haumia.

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ikehu hou e komo pū me ka ikehu makani, ka ikehu hydrogen, ka ikehu lā, ka ikehu biomass, ka ikehu kai a me ka ikehu geothermal, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ka ikehu makani a me ka ikehu lā nā wahi noiʻi o ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

Eia nō naʻe, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻololi pono ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano ikehu hou like ʻole, a no laila e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻohana pono ʻana iā lākou.

I kēia hihia, i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka ikehu hou e nā kānaka, pono e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻenehana mālama ikehu hou a kūpono hoʻi, he wahi wela hoʻi ia i ka noiʻi kaiaulu o kēia manawa.

I kēia manawa, ʻo nā pila lithium-ion, ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā pila lua maikaʻi loa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mea uila like ʻole, ka halihali, ka aerospace a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. , ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā manaʻolana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

Ua like nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika o ka sodium a me ka lithium, a he hopena mālama ikehu kona. Ma muli o kona ʻike waiwai, ka hoʻolaha like ʻana o ke kumu sodium, a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka ʻenehana mālama ikehu nui, nona nā ʻano o ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka pono kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO nā mea electrode maikaʻi a me nā mea maikaʻi ʻole o nā pila sodium ion e komo pū ana me nā hui metala hoʻololi papa, polyanions, phosphates metala hoʻololi, nā nanoparticles pūpū-core, nā hui metala, ke kalapona paʻakikī, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ma ke ʻano he element me nā waihona mālama nui loa ma ke ʻano, he mea makepono ke kalapona a maʻalahi hoʻi ke loaʻa, a ua loaʻa iā ia ka nui o ka ʻike ʻia he mea anode no nā pila sodium-ion.

Wahi a ke kekelē o ka graphitization, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kalapona i ʻelua mau māhele: kalapona graphitic a me ke kalapona amorphous.

ʻO ke kalapona paʻakikī, nona ke kalapona amorphous, hōʻike i kahi mana mālama sodium kūikawā o 300mAh/g, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea kalapona me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka graphitization e paʻakikī ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻohana kalepa ma muli o ko lākou ʻili nui a me ke kauoha ikaika.

No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea kalapona paʻakikī ʻaʻole graphite i ka noiʻi hana.

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku ai i ka hana o nā mea anode no nā pila sodium-ion, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hydrophilicity a me ka conductivity o nā mea kalapona ma o ka ion doping a i ʻole ka compounding, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hana mālama ikehu o nā mea kalapona.

Ma ke ʻano he mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole o ka pākaukau ion sodium, ʻo nā hui metala he mau carbides metala ʻelua-dimensional a me nā nitrides. Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano maikaʻi loa o nā mea ʻelua-dimensional, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke mālama wale i nā ion sodium ma o ka adsorption a me ka intercalation, akā e hui pū me ka sodium. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā ion e hoʻoulu ai i ka capacitance ma o nā hopena kemika no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka hopena mālama ikehu.

Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hui metala, ʻo nā mea kalapona nā mea anode nui no nā pila sodium-ion.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā hui metala hoʻololi papa ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka graphene. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea ʻelua-dimensional i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pila sodium-ion e komo pū me ka sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, a pēlā aku.

Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā mea electrode maikaʻi Polyanionic i nā electrodes maikaʻi o ka pila lithium-ion, a ma hope ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā pila sodium-ion. ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā kristal olivine e like me NaMnPO4 a me NaFePO4.

Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka phosphate metala hoʻololi ma ke ʻano he mea electrode maikaʻi i loko o nā pila lithium-ion. Ua oʻo iki ke kaʻina hana synthesis a he nui nā ʻano kristal.

ʻO ka Phosphate, ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional, kūkulu i kahi ʻano hana e kūpono ai i ka deintercalation a me ka intercalation o nā ion sodium, a laila loaʻa iā ia nā pila sodium-ion me ka hana mālama ikehu maikaʻi loa.

ʻO ka mea hana ʻōnaehana core-shell kahi ʻano mea anode hou no nā pila sodium-ion i puka mai i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Ma muli o nā mea kumu, ua hoʻokō kēia mea i kahi ʻano hakahaka ma o ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana maikaʻi loa.

ʻO nā mea hana hoʻonohonoho pūpū koʻikoʻi maʻamau e komo pū ana me nā nanocubes hollow cobalt selenide, nā nanospheres core-shell sodium vanadate Fe-N co-doped, nā nanospheres porous carbon hollow tin oxide a me nā ʻano hana hollow ʻē aʻe.

Ma muli o kona mau ʻano maikaʻi loa, me ka hui pū ʻana me ke ʻano hollow a me ka porous kilokilo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana electrochemical i hōʻike ʻia i ka electrolyte, a i ka manawa like, paipai nui ia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ion o ka electrolyte e hoʻokō ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kūpono.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikehu hou o ka honua, e paipai ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana mālama ikehu.

I kēia manawa, e like me nā ʻano mālama ikehu like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka mālama ikehu kino a me ka mālama ikehu electrochemical.

Hoʻokō ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical i nā kūlana hoʻomohala o ka ʻenehana mālama ikehu hou o kēia wā ma muli o kona mau pono o ka palekana kiʻekiʻe, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka hoʻohana maʻalahi, a me ka pono kiʻekiʻe.

Wahi a nā kaʻina hana electrochemical like ʻole, ʻo nā kumu mana mālama ikehu electrochemical e komo pū me nā supercapacitors, nā pila lead-acid, nā pila mana wahie, nā pila nickel-metal hydride, nā pila sodium-sulfur, a me nā pila lithium-ion.

I ka ʻenehana mālama ikehu, ua huki nā mea electrode maʻalahi i nā hoihoi noiʻi a nā kānaka ʻepekema ma muli o ko lākou ʻano hoʻolālā like ʻole, ka maʻalahi, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me nā ʻano palekana o ke kaiapuni.

Loaʻa i nā mea kalapona ke kūpaʻa thermochemical kūikawā, ka conductivity uila maikaʻi, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, a me nā waiwai mechanical ʻokoʻa, e hoʻolilo ana iā lākou i mau electrodes hoʻohiki no nā pila lithium-ion a me nā pila sodium-ion.

Hiki ke hoʻouka koke ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā Supercapacitors ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke au, a he ola pōʻaiapuni ma mua o 100,000 mau manawa. He ʻano hou lākou o ka lako mana mālama ikehu electrochemical kūikawā ma waena o nā capacitors a me nā pila.

Loaʻa i nā Supercapacitors nā ʻano o ka nui o ka mana a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ikehu kiʻekiʻe, akā haʻahaʻa ko lākou nui o ka ikehu, ua maʻalahi lākou i ka hoʻokuʻu ponoʻī, a ua maʻalahi lākou i ka leakage electrolyte ke hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻia.

ʻOiai he mau ʻano o ka cell mana wahie ʻaʻohe hoʻouka ʻana, ka mana nui, ka mana kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe a me ka laulā mana kikoʻī ākea, ʻo kona mahana hana kiʻekiʻe, ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, a me ka pono hoʻololi ikehu haʻahaʻa e loaʻa wale ia i ke kaʻina hana kālepa. hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano.

Loaʻa i nā pila kēpau-ʻakika nā pono o ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka ʻenehana makua, a me ka palekana kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kikowaena kumu hōʻailona, ​​​​nā paikikala uila, nā kaʻa, a me ka mālama ikehu grid. ʻAʻole hiki i nā papa pōkole e like me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kaiapuni ke hoʻokō i nā koi a me nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe e piʻi nei no nā pila mālama ikehu.

Loaʻa i nā pila Ni-MH nā ʻano o ka versatility ikaika, ka waiwai calorific haʻahaʻa, ka mana monomer nui, a me nā ʻano hoʻokuʻu paʻa, akā he nui ko lākou kaumaha, a he nui nā pilikia i ka hoʻokele moʻo pila, hiki ke alakaʻi maʻalahi i ka heheʻe ʻana o nā mea hoʻokaʻawale pila hoʻokahi.