ʻO ka ikehu, ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai no ka holomua ʻana o ka moʻomeheu kanaka, ua hoʻokani mau i kahi kuleana nui.He hōʻoia koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka nohona kanaka.Me ka wai, ka ea, a me ka meaʻai, ʻo ia nā kūlana kūpono no ke ola kanaka a pili pono i ke ola kanaka..

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana ikehu ua loaʻa i ʻelua mau hoʻololi nui mai ka "manawa" o ka wahie i ka "manawa" o ka lanahu, a laila mai ka "wā" o ka lanahu i ka "manawa" o ka aila.I kēia manawa ua hoʻomaka e hoʻololi mai ka "manawa" o ka aila i ka "manawa" o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu hou.

Mai ka lanahu ke kumu nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19 a hiki i ka ʻaila ke kumu nui i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻohana nā kānaka i ka ikehu mōʻalihaku ma ke ʻano nui ma mua o 200 mau makahiki.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana ikehu honua i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka ikehu mōʻalihaku ʻaʻole ia e mamao loa mai ka pau ʻana o ka ikehu fossil.

ʻO nā mea hoʻokele waiwai waiwai mōʻalihaku kahiko ʻekolu i hōʻike ʻia e ka lanahu, ka aila a me ke kinoea maoli e hoʻopau koke ʻia i ke kenekulia hou, a ma ke kaʻina o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka puhi ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu o ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻoulu i ka nui o nā mea haumia, a hoʻohaumia. ke kaiapuni.

No laila, pono e hoʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka ikehu mōʻalihaku, e hoʻololi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu irrational i kēia manawa, a e ʻimi i ka ikehu hou maʻemaʻe a me ka pollution ʻole.

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ikehu hou ka nui o ka ikehu makani, ka ikehu hydrogen, ka ikehu lā, ka ikehu biomass, ka ikehu kai a me ka ikehu geothermal, etc.

Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kumu kumu ikehu hou, no laila e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻohana pono ʻana iā lākou.

I kēia hihia, i mea e ʻike ai i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka ikehu hou e nā kānaka, pono ia e hoʻomohala i ka ʻenehana mālama ikehu hou a kūpono hoʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi wahi wela i ka noiʻi kaiaulu o kēia manawa.

I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pākahi lithium-ion, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana lua maikaʻi loa, i nā ʻenehana uila like ʻole, ka lawe ʻana, aerospace a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe., ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

Ua like ka waiwai kino a me ke kemika o ka sodium a me ka lithium, a he hopena mālama ikehu kona.Ma muli o kona waiwai waiwai, ka hāʻawi like ʻana o ke kumu sodium, a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka ʻenehana mālama mālama ikehu nui, nona nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO nā mea electrode maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o nā ʻāpana sodium ion e pili ana i nā pūhui metala transition layered, polyanions, transition metal phosphates, core-shell nanoparticles, metala pūhui, carbon hard, etc.

Ma ke ʻano he mea me ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ke ʻano, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kalapona a maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana, a ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike nui ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea anode no nā pāpaʻi sodium-ion.

E like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka graphitization, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kalapona i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: carbon graphitic a me carbon amorphous.

ʻO ke kalapona paʻakikī, aia i ke kalapona amorphous, e hōʻike ana i kahi mana paʻa paʻa sodium o 300mAh / g, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea kalapona me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka graphitization he paʻakikī ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻohana pāʻoihana ma muli o ko lākou ʻāpana nui a me ke kauoha ikaika.

No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea kalapona paʻakikī non-graphite i ka noiʻi hana.

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi hou ai i ka hana o nā mea anode no nā pāpaʻi sodium-ion, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hydrophilicity a me ka conductivity o nā mea kalapona ma o ka doping ion a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hana mālama ʻana i ka ikehu o nā mea kalapona.

Ma ke ʻano he mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole o ka pākaukau sodium ion, ʻo nā pūhui metala ka nui o nā carbide metala ʻelua a me nā nitrides.Ma waho aʻe o nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o nā mea ʻelua-dimensional, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke mālama wale i nā ion sodium ma ka adsorption a me ka intercalation, akā hui pū pū me ka sodium ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā ion e hoʻohua i ka capacitance ma o nā hopena kemika no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka hopena mālama mālama.

Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūhui metala, ʻo nā mea kalapona nā mea anode nui no nā pā pā sodium-ion.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā pūhui metala hoʻoneʻe papa ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka graphene.I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea ʻelua-dimensional i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pāpaʻi sodium-ion ka nui o ka sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, etc.

Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā mea electrode maikaʻi polyanionic i nā electrodes maikaʻi o ka pā lithium-ion, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ma hope i nā ʻeke sodium-ion.ʻO nā mea waiwai nui e pili ana i nā kristal olivine e like me NaMnPO4 a me NaFePO4.

Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo Transition metal phosphate ma ke ʻano he mea electrode maikaʻi i nā pā lithium-ion.ʻO ke kaʻina hana synthesis he ʻano makua a he nui nā hale aniani.

ʻO ka Phosphate, ma ke ʻano he ʻekolu-dimensional, kūkulu i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻolālā e kūpono i ka deintercalation a me ka intercalation o nā ion sodium, a laila loaʻa i nā pāpaʻi sodium-ion me ka hana mālama mālama maikaʻi.

ʻO ke ʻano ʻano mea anode hou ka ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻiʻo kumu no nā pākahi sodium-ion i puka mai i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.Ma muli o nā mea kumu, ua loaʻa kēia mea i kahi ʻano hollow ma o ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā nani.

ʻO nā mea hana maʻamau ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā nanocubes cobalt selenide, Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate nanospheres, porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres a me nā hale hollow ʻē aʻe.

Ma muli o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa, i hui pū ʻia me ka hollow hollow a me ka porous structure, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana electrochemical i ʻike ʻia i ka electrolyte, a ma ka manawa like, hoʻolaha nui ia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka electrolyte e hoʻokō i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikehu hou honua, e hāpai ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana mālama mālama ikehu.

I kēia manawa, e like me nā ʻano hana mālama ikehu, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka mālama kino kino a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical.

Hoʻokō ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu Electrochemical i nā kūlana hoʻomohala o ka ʻenehana mālama ikehu hou o kēia lā ma muli o kona mau pono o ka palekana kiʻekiʻe, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka hoʻohana maʻalahi, a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe.

E like me nā kaʻina hana electrochemical ʻokoʻa, ʻo nā kumu mana mālama mana electrochemical ka nui o nā supercapacitors, nā pākaʻi lead-acid, nā pihi mana wahie, nā ʻona nickel-metal hydride, nā pā sodium-sulfur, a me nā pā lithium-ion.

I loko o ka ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ikehu, ua hoʻokipa ʻia nā mea noiʻi ʻepekema ma muli o ko lākou ʻokoʻa hoʻolālā, hiki ke maʻalahi, kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me nā hiʻohiʻona palekana kaiapuni.

Loaʻa i nā mea kalapona ke kūpaʻa thermochemical kūikawā, ka conductivity uila maikaʻi, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, a me nā waiwai mechanical ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohiki ana iā lākou i nā electrodes no nā pā lithium-ion a me nā pākahi sodium-ion.

Hiki ke hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia nā supercapacitors ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa, a loaʻa ke ola pōʻai ma mua o 100,000 mau manawa.He ʻano hou lākou o ka lako mana mālama mana electrochemical kūikawā ma waena o nā capacitors a me nā pā.

Loaʻa i nā Supercapacitors nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu, akā haʻahaʻa ko lākou ikehu, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu iā lākou iho, a hiki i ka leakage electrolyte ke hoʻohana pono ʻole.

ʻOiai ʻo ka mana wahie nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻole, ka mana nui, ka mana kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe a me ka laulā kikoʻī kikoʻī, ʻo kona kiʻekiʻe hana wela, kiʻekiʻe ke kumu kūʻai, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu e loaʻa wale ia i ke kaʻina hana kalepa.hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano.

Loaʻa i nā pākaʻi Lead-acid ka maikaʻi o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻenehana makua, a me ka palekana kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kahua kahua hōʻailona, ​​​​nā paikikala uila, nā kaʻa, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu grid.ʻAʻole hiki i nā papa pōkole e like me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kaiapuni ke hoʻokō i nā koi kiʻekiʻe aʻe a me nā kūlana no nā pihi mālama ikehu.

Ni-MH pila i nā hiʻona o ka versatility ikaika, haʻahaʻa calorific waiwai, nui monomer hiki, a me ka paʻa hoʻokuʻu 'ano, akā, ko lakou kaumaha mea nui, a he nui na pilikia i loko o ka pākaukau moʻo hooponopono, i hiki maʻalahi ke alakai i ka hehee ana o hookahi. nā mea hoʻokaʻawale pākaukau.