Ke piʻi nei ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai kumu pākaukau mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2021 ke kumu i ka manaʻo no ka luku ʻana a i ʻole ka lohi ʻana, a ua alakaʻi i ka manaʻo e hiki i nā ʻoihana kaʻa ke hoʻololi i nā makemake no kā lākou kaʻa uila.

ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa he lithium-iron-phosphate, a i ʻoleLFP.Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo Tesla i ka LFP no kāna mau hiʻohiʻona i hana ʻia e Kina mai ka makahiki 2021. Ua hoʻolaha pū nā mea hana kaʻa ʻē aʻe e like me Volkswagen a me Rivian e hoʻohana lākou i ka LFP i kāna mau hiʻohiʻona haʻahaʻa loa.

ʻO Nickel-cobalt-manganese, a i ʻole NCM, ʻo nā pihi kekahi koho ʻē aʻe.Pono lākou i ka nui like o ka lithium iLFP, akā, loaʻa i loko o ka cobalt, he mea pipiʻi a hoʻopaʻapaʻa kāna kaʻina hana.

Ke piʻi nei ke kumukūʻai metala Cobalt i ka 70% i ka makahiki.Ua ʻike ʻo Nickel i ka haunaele i hala iho nei ma hope o ke kaomi pōkole ʻana i ka LME.Ke kūʻai ʻia nei ke kumukūʻai nickel ʻekolu mahina ma kahi kikowaena intra-lā o $27,920- $28,580/mt ma Mei 10.

Eia nō naʻe, ua piʻi aʻe nā kumukūʻai lithium ma mua o 700% mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2021, kahi i alakaʻi i kahi lele nui i nā kumukūʻai pākaukau.
Wahi a S&P Global Market Intelligence, ua piʻi aʻe nā kumukūʻai metala pākēneka Kina ma Malaki i ka 580.7% i ka makahiki no nā pā LFP ma ke kālā no ke kumu kilo, e piʻi ana i kahi kokoke i $36/kwh.Ua piʻi aʻe nā pākaukau NCM i ka 152.6% ma luna o ka manawa like i $73-78/kwh i Pepeluali

“ʻO ke alalithiumua hoʻonui ʻia ke kumukūʻai i nā mahina he 12 i hala.He ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi ia ma mua o kāu e manaʻo ai [e kūʻē iā NCM] a ke hoʻolei ʻoe i nā kumu hana, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoholo ʻana.Makemake paha ʻoe e hāʻawi i kekahi hana no ke kumukūʻai, akā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i kēia mau lā.” wahi a kekahi mea kūʻai kobalt hydroxide.

"He mau hopohopo, ʻoiaʻiʻo, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o LFP no ka ʻāpana āna i manaʻo ai, ʻo ia nā pā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa," i ʻae ʻia kahi kumu hana lithium.

"ʻAʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻeke nickel-intensive (nā mea i loaʻa nā ʻāpana nickel 8 a ʻoi aʻe paha) i ka wā pōkole a i ka manawa waena.Hoʻihoʻi i nā ʻeke NMC haʻahaʻa-nickel e hoʻopuka hou i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cobalt, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻāpana LFP ke hoʻohālikelike piha i ka hana ākea a loaʻa pū kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pihi nickel-intensive," ʻo Alice Yu, ka mea loiloi kiʻekiʻe, S&P Global Market Intelligence. .

ʻOiai ʻo ke kemika i makemake ʻia ma Kina ʻo ia ka pākaukau LFP, manaʻo pinepine ʻia e pāʻani nui ʻo NCM i nā mākeke EU - kahi e makemake ai nā mea kūʻai aku i nā kaʻa e lawe iā lākou ma waena o ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka ʻāina ma ka liʻiliʻi loa.

"I ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mea kanu pākaukau, pono mākou e nānā i ka maʻalahi.I kēia manawa aia ke kumukūʻai parity ma waena o LFP a me NCM.Inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka LFP, hiki iā mākou ke hana mua i ka hana, akā i kēia manawa pono mākou e hana i ka NCM no ka mea he huahana premium."wahi a kahi OEM kaʻa.

Ua hoʻopuka ka lua o ka OEM kaʻa i kēlā ʻōlelo, "E loaʻa nā pākaukau LFP ma ʻaneʻi no nā kaʻa pae komo, akā ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia no nā kaʻa premium".

Helu palena

Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka lithium i mea hopohopo nui no ka mākeke EV a me kekahi mea hiki ke hoʻōki i kekahi hui e hoʻololi maʻalahi i ka LFP.

Ke hōʻike nei ka noiʻi mai S&P Global Commodity Insights inā hele mai nā mines lithium āpau i ka pipeline ma ka pūnaewele i ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia, me nā kikoʻī kūpono o nā mea papa pākaukau, e loaʻa mau ana kahi pōkole 220,000 mt i ka makahiki 2030, me ka manaʻo e hiki i ka 2 miliona mt ma ka pau ana o na makahiki he umi.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana lithium Western ka hapa nui loa o kā lākou huahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻaelike lōʻihi, a ua luhi nā mea hoʻololi Kina i nā koi ʻokoʻa a me ka wā lōʻihi.

"He nui nā noi [spot], akā ʻaʻohe mea i loaʻa iā mākou i kēia manawa," wahi a ka mea hana lithium."Loaʻa iā mākou nā puke i loaʻa i ka wā e pilikia ai ka mea kūʻai aku, a i ʻole ke kāpae ʻana i kahi hoʻouna no kekahi kumu, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia," wahi āna.

ʻO ka hopohopo nui e pili ana i ka lithium, a me nā metala pākaukau ʻē aʻe, e lilo i kumu palena no ka hoʻokau ʻana i ka EV i alakaʻi i nā mea hana kaʻa e komo nui i ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka ʻoihana.

E hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻo General Motors i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Controlled Thermal Resources 'Hell's Kitchen lithium papahana ma Kaleponi.Ua hui pū ʻo Stellantis, Volkswagen a me Renault me ​​Vulcan Resources e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea mai ka papahana Zero Carbon ma Kelemānia.

ʻO ka sodium-ion ʻē aʻe

Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hemahema i manaʻo ʻia o ka lithium, cobalt a me ka nickel, ke ʻimi nei ka ʻoihana pākaukau i nā mea ʻē aʻe.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Sodium-ion ʻo ia kekahi o nā koho maikaʻi loa.

Hoʻohana maʻamau ka Sodium-ion i ke kalapona i loko o ka anode a me nā mea mai kahi ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo Prussian Blue i ka cathode.Aia kekahi "mau metala i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma Prussian Blue, a e ʻokoʻa ia ma muli o ka ʻoihana," wahi a Venkat Srinivasan, ka luna o ka US-based Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS).

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui loa no ka sodium-ion ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, wahi a nā kumu.Ma muli o ka nui o ka sodium ma ka honua, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kēia mau ʻeke pākahi ma kahi o 3% -50% ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā pākahi lithium-ion.Hoʻohālikelike ka nui o ka ikehu me LFP.

ʻO Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), kekahi o nā mea hana pākaukau nui loa ma Kina, i wehe ʻia i ka makahiki i hala i kāna hanauna mua o ka pā uila sodium-ion, me ka ʻaoʻao o kāna pahu pahu pahu AB, ka mea i hōʻike i hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui i nā cell sodium-ion a me ka lithium-ion. nā pūnaewele i loko o hoʻokahi pūʻolo.ʻO ke kaʻina hana a me nā mea hana o ka pāʻani sodium-ion ua kūpono me ka lithium-ion o kēia manawa, wahi a CATL.

Akā ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka sodium-ion i ka nui o ka pāʻoihana, pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia kekahi mau pilikia.

Aia kekahi mau hoʻomaikaʻi e hoʻokō ʻia ma ka electrolyte a me nā ʻaoʻao anode.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi pākaukau LFP, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka sodium-ion i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, akā nāwaliwali i ka hoʻouka ʻana.

ʻO ke kumu palena nui ʻo ia ka manawa o ka loaʻa ʻana ma kahi pae pāʻoihana.

Pēlā nō, ua hana ʻia nā piliona kālā o ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i loko o ke kaulahao hoʻolako lithium-ion e pili ana i ka lithium- a me ka nickel-rich chemistries.

"E nānā pono mākou i ka sodium-ion akā pono mākou e nānā mua i nā ʻenehana i loaʻa i laila a lawe mai i ka mea kanu ma ka pūnaewele," wahi a kekahi mea hana pākaukau.