ʻO ke piʻi nui ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka pila mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2021 ke kumu o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ke koi a i ʻole ka lohi ʻana, a ua alakaʻi i ka manaʻoʻiʻo e hiki i nā ʻoihana kaʻa ke hoʻololi i nā makemake no kā lākou mau kaʻa uila.

ʻO ka pūʻolo haʻahaʻa loa ka lithium-iron-phosphate ma ke ʻano maʻamau, a i ʻoleLFP.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Tesla iā LFP no kāna mau hiʻohiʻona pae komo i hana ʻia ma Kina mai ka makahiki 2021. Ua hoʻolaha pū kekahi mau mea hana kaʻa ʻē aʻe e like me Volkswagen lāua ʻo Rivian e hoʻohana lākou iā LFP i kāna mau hiʻohiʻona makepono loa.

ʻO nā pila nickel-cobalt-manganese, a i ʻole NCM, kekahi koho ʻē aʻe. Pono lākou i ka nui like o ka lithium eLFP, akā, aia pū kekahi cobalt, he mea pipiʻi ke kumukūʻai a he hoʻopaʻapaʻa ke kaʻina hana.

Ua piʻi ke kumukūʻai o ka metala Cobalt i 70% i ka makahiki. Ua ʻike ʻia ka haunaele o Nickel ma hope o kahi kaomi pōkole ma ka LME. Ke kūʻai ʻia nei ke kumukūʻai nickel ʻekolu mahina ma kahi pae intra-day o $27,920-$28,580/mt ma Mei 10.

I kēia manawa, ua piʻi aʻe ke kumukūʻai lithium ma mua o 700% mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2021, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka lele nui ʻana o nā kumukūʻai pākahiko.
Wahi a S&P Global Market Intelligence, ua piʻi aʻe ke kumukūʻai metala pākaukau Kina i Malaki ma 580.7% ma ka makahiki no nā pākaukau LFP ma ke kumu kālā no ke kilokani, e piʻi ana i kokoke i $36/kwh. Ua piʻi aʻe nā pākaukau NCM ma 152.6% ma luna o ka manawa like i $73-78/kwh i Pepeluali.

"Ke alalitiumaua hoʻonui ʻia ke kumukūʻai i nā mahina 12 i hala. He emi iki ka uku hoʻēmi ma mua o kou manaʻo [e kūʻē iā NCM] a i ka manawa e hoʻokomo ai ʻoe i nā mea hana, he hoʻoholo paʻakikī ia ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. Makemake paha ʻoe e hāʻawi i kekahi hana no ke kumukūʻai, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea emi loa i kēia mau lā. ”wahi a kekahi mea kūʻai aku cobalt hydroxide.

"Aia nō kekahi mau hopohopo, ʻoiaʻiʻo nō, no ka mea, ua nui loa ka pilikia o ke kumukūʻai o LFP no ka ʻāpana āna e kuhikuhi nei, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pila haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai," i ʻae pū ai kekahi kumu hana lithium.

"ʻAʻohe koho ʻē aʻe i nā pila nickel-intensive (nā mea i loaʻa he 8 ʻāpana nickel a ʻoi aku paha) i ka manawa pōkole a waena. ʻO ka hoʻi ʻana i nā pila NMC nickel haʻahaʻa e hoʻopuka hou i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cobalt, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā pila LFP ke hoʻohālikelike piha i ka hana o ka laulā a he mau ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pila nickel-intensive," ʻo Alice Yu, ka mea loiloi kiʻekiʻe, S&P Global Market Intelligence.

ʻOiai ʻo ka pākahiko LFP ka mea i makemake nui ʻia ma Kina, ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia e pāʻani ʻo NCM i kahi ʻāpana nui ma nā mākeke EU - kahi e makemake ai nā mea kūʻai aku i nā kaʻa e lawe iā lākou ma waena o ka ʻāina a i ʻole ma waena o ka ʻāina me nā uku liʻiliʻi loa.

"I ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hale hana pila, pono mākou e nānā i ka maʻalahi. I kēia manawa aia ke ʻano like o ke kumukūʻai ma waena o LFP a me NCM. Inā lilo hou ka LFP i mea emi ke kumu kūʻai, hiki paha iā mākou ke hoʻonohonoho i ka hana ʻana, akā i kēia manawa pono mākou e hana iā NCM no ka mea he huahana premium ia." wahi a kahi OEM kaʻa.

Ua hoʻopuka hou aku kahi OEM kaʻa ʻelua i kēlā ʻōlelo, "Eia nā pila LFP no nā kaʻa pae komo, akā ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia no nā kaʻa premium".

Kumu hoʻemi

He mea nui ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka lithium no ka mākeke EV a he mea ia e hiki ai ke pale i kekahi ʻoihana e neʻe maʻalahi i ka LFP.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi mai S&P Global Commodity Insights inā e hoʻomaka nā lua lithium āpau i loko o ka pipeline i loko o ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia, me nā kikoʻī kūpono o ka mea papa pila, e mau ana ka hemahema o 220,000 mt ma ka makahiki 2030, me ka manaʻo e hiki aku ke koi i 2 miliona mt i ka hopena o ke kenekulia he ʻumi.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana lithium Komohana ka hapa nui o kā lākou hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻaelike lōʻihi, a ua paʻahana nā mea hoʻololi Kina me nā koi ʻaelike wahi a me ka wā lōʻihi.

"Aia kekahi mau noi [wahi], akā ʻaʻohe a mākou mea i loaʻa i kēia manawa," wahi a ke kumu hana lithium. "Loaʻa iā mākou nā nui i loaʻa ke loaʻa kahi pilikia o ka mea kūʻai aku, a hoʻōki paha i kahi hoʻouna no kekahi kumu, inā ʻaʻole ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea āpau," i hoʻohui ai ʻo ia.

ʻO ka hopohopo e piʻi ana e pili ana i ka lithium, a me nā metala pākahiko ʻē aʻe, e lilo ana i mea kaupalena e hoʻokele ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka EV ua alakaʻi i nā mea hana kaʻa e komo nui i ka ʻaoʻao uka o ka ʻoihana.

E hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻo General Motors i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka papahana lithium ʻo Controlled Thermal Resources' Hell's Kitchen ma Kaleponi. Ua hui pū ʻo Stellantis, Volkswagen lāua ʻo Renault me ​​Vulcan Resources e kiʻi i nā mea mai ka papahana Zero Carbon ma Kelemānia.

Koho ʻē aʻe o ka sodium-ion

Ma muli o ka nele i ka lako o ka lithium, cobalt a me ka nickel i manaʻo ʻia, ua ʻimi ka ʻoihana pākahiko i nā koho ʻē aʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā pākahiko sodium-ion kekahi o nā koho hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa.

ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ka Sodium-ion i ke kalapona i loko o ka anode a me nā mea mai kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia ʻo Prussian Blue i loko o ka cathode. Aia kekahi "moʻo o nā metala e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma Prussian Blue, a e loli ia ma muli o ka hui," wahi a Venkat Srinivasan, ka luna hoʻokele o Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) ma US.

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui loa no ka sodium-ion ʻo ia kona kumukūʻai hana haʻahaʻa, wahi a nā kumu. Ma muli o ka nui o ka sodium ma ka honua, hiki i kēia mau ʻeke pila ke kumukūʻai ma kahi o 3%-50% ka emi ma mua o nā pila lithium-ion. Ua like ka nui o ka ikehu me ka LFP.

ʻO Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), kekahi o nā mea hana pila nui loa ma Kina, ua hōʻike i ka makahiki i hala i kāna hanauna mua o ka pila sodium-ion, me kāna hopena pā pila AB, kahi i hōʻike ai ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui i nā cell sodium-ion a me nā cell lithium-ion i loko o hoʻokahi pūʻolo. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hana a me nā lako o ka pila sodium-ion e kūlike me ka pila lithium-ion o kēia manawa, wahi a CATL.

Akā ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka sodium-ion i kahi pae kalepa koʻikoʻi, pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia kekahi mau hopohopo.

Aia nō kekahi mau hoʻomaikaʻi e pono e hoʻokō ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao electrolyte a me ka anode.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi pākahiko LFP, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka sodium-ion i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, akā nāwaliwali i ka hoʻouka ʻana.

ʻO ke kumu nui e kaupalena ana, ʻo ia nō kekahi manawa mai ka loaʻa ʻana ma kahi pae kalepa.

Pēlā nō, ua hana ʻia nā piliona kālā o nā hoʻopukapuka kālā i loko o ke kaulahao hoʻolako lithium-ion e pili ana i nā kemika waiwai i ka lithium a me ka nickel.

"E nānā pono mākou i ka sodium-ion akā pono mākou e kālele mua i nā ʻenehana i loaʻa mua ma laila a lawe mai i ka mea kanu ma ka pūnaewele," wahi a kekahi mea hana pila.