1. Hoʻoikaika nā ʻoihana mālama ikehu kiʻekiʻe

Wahi a nā ʻano hoʻomohala o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻomohala, me nā pila lithium hao phosphate ma ke ala nui, nā pila sodium-ion e hoʻomaikaʻi wikiwiki ana ma ke ʻano he pani hapa, a me nā ala pila like ʻole e hoʻohui ana kekahi i kekahi. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ka mālama ʻana i nā hale noho a me nā hale nui, ʻo ka oʻo ʻana opākahiko mālama ikehu e hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka ʻenehana, a e manaʻo ʻia e emi iho nā kumukūʻai pākaukau. Ua nui ka ʻoihana pākaukau mālama ikehu holoʻokoʻa, me nā ʻoihana alakaʻi e noho ana i kahi māhele mākeke nui.

2. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei nā mea hoʻololi mālama ikehu

I kēia manawa, ke hoʻomau nei ka nui o ka hoʻouna ʻana o nā inverters i ka ulu wikiwiki, me nā micro-inverters e helu ana i kahi hapa nui. ʻO ka inverter midstream ka mea nui e hāʻawi i nā inverters mālama ikehu i hoʻololi ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona noi like ʻole, akā ʻaʻohe alakaʻi mākeke paʻa. Me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mālama ikehu nui ma Kina a me ka wehe ʻana o ka mākeke mālama nui ma waho, ʻo kaka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻoihana inverter e komo i kahi manawa wikiwiki.

3. Ke ulu mau nei ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu

Me ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ka mākeke mālama ikehu electrochemical, ua ʻike pū ʻia ka mākeke kaohi mahana i ka ulu nui. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā noi mālama ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka wikiwiki, e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pono o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu wai me ka pono hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, e wikiwiki ana i ka komo ʻana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu ea, hāʻawi nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu wai i ke ola pākaukau paʻa, ka pono kiʻekiʻe, a me ka kaohi mahana pololei. Ua wānana ʻia ma ka makahiki 2025, e hiki aku ka helu komo o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu wai i 45%.

4. Ka loulou ma waena o ka waihona home haole, ka waihona nui kūloko.

Ua māhele ʻia nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu i nā noi mua-o-ka-mika a me hope-o-ka-mika. ʻOi aku ka laulā o nā noi mua-o-ka-mika, me Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me ʻEulopa e kālele nui ana i nā ʻoihana mua-o-ka-mika. Ma Kina, ua helu ʻia nā noi mua-o-ka-mika no 76% o ka lakio hoʻonohonoho mālama ikehu kūloko i ka makahiki 2021. ʻOkoʻa ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻoihana ma hope o ka-mika ma waena o nā ʻāina, me ka helu komo o 10% no ka mālama nui ma Kina a me 5% no ka mālama hale noho. Hoʻoikaika nui ʻia nā mākeke ma waho i ka mālama hale noho. I ka makahiki 2021, ua piʻi ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka mālama ikehu noho ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma 67%, ʻoiai ua emi ka mālama ikehu kalepa a me nā ʻoihana ma 24%.

5. Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Mākeke o ka Mālama Ikehu

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻia nā holomua nui i nā ʻenehana mālama ikehu hou e like me nā pila lithium-ion, nā pila kahe, nā pila sodium-ion, ka mālama ikehu ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me ka mālama ikehu umekaumaha. Ua komo ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu kūloko ma Kina i kahi pae hoʻomohala like ʻole a manaʻo ʻia e lawe i kahi kūlana alakaʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

5.1 Nā pila mālama ikehu

Ma ke ʻano o nā pila mālama ikehu, ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pila mālama ikehu honua a me ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki, me ka nui o ke koi ma ka mākeke pila mālama ikehu honua. Ke piʻi mau nei ka hana o nā pila lithium mālama ikehu o Kina, a ke manaʻo ʻia nei e emi iho ke kumukūʻai o nā pila lithium hao phosphate i kēlā me kēia kilowatt-hola. Ma muli o ke alakaʻi kulekele a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻenehana ʻoihana, loaʻa i ka mākeke ma lalo no nā pila mālama ikehu ka hiki ke hoʻomohala nui a me ke koi ākea, e hoʻokele ana i ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ke koi pila mālama ikehu.

5.2 Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻololi mana

Ma ke ʻano o PCS (Power Conversion Systems), ʻo ke au honua e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā inverters photovoltaic a me ka mālama ikehu, kahi e pili nui ana me nā inverters grid-tied noho. He uku nui ko nā inverters mālama ikehu, a ke manaʻo ʻia nei e hoʻomau ka holomua o ka helu komo ʻana o nā microinverters i ka mākeke i hoʻolaha ʻia. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hapa o nā hoʻonohonoho mālama ikehu, e komo ka ʻoihana PCS i kahi pae hoʻonui wikiwiki.

5.3 Ka mana mahana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu

Ma ke ʻano o ka kaohi ʻana i ka mahana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻo ka ulu nui ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu electrochemical ke hoʻokele nei i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka kaohi ʻana i ka mahana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Ma ka makahiki 2025, manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ka mākeke kaohi mahana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical o Kina e hiki i ka 2.28-4.08 biliona yuan, me ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana o ka hui makahiki he 77% a me 91% mai 2022 a i 2025. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, i ka piʻi ʻana o nā noi mālama ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka wikiwiki, e kau ʻia nā koi kiʻekiʻe ma ka kaohi mahana. ʻO ka hoʻoluʻu wai, ma ke ʻano he hopena loea waena a lōʻihi, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui mālie i kona helu komo mākeke, me ka wānana ʻia he 45% o ka māhele mākeke ma ka makahiki 2025.

5.4 Ka pale ahi a me ka mālama ikehu

Ma ke ʻano o ka pale ahi a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, loaʻa i nā ʻoihana mālama ikehu alakaʻi o Kina ma ke kahua o nā ʻōnaehana pale ahi kahi lumi nui no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka māhele mākeke. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka pale ahi ma kahi o 3% o ke kumukūʻai o ka ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu. Me ka hapa nui o ka makani a me ka mana o ka lā i hoʻopili ʻia i ka grid, e piʻi koke ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mālama ikehu, e alakaʻi ana i kahi koi ikaika no ka pale ahi a me ka piʻi like ʻana o ka hapa o nā kumukūʻai pale ahi.

ʻO ke kālele nui ʻana o Kina ma ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu nui, ʻoiai ʻo nā mākeke o waho e kālele ana ma ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu noho. I ka makahiki 2021, ua hiki ka hapa o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ʻaoʻao mea hoʻohana ma ka mālama ikehu hou o Kina i 24%, e hōʻike ana i kona koʻikoʻi. Ma ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona noi kikoʻī, ʻo nā ʻāpana kalepa kūloko a me nā ʻoihana a me nā paka ʻoihana ka hapa nui loa, me ka hui pū ʻana o 80%, e lilo ana iā lākou i mau noi nui no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ʻaoʻao mea hoʻohana.